Meaning of Shell?

* The linux shell is a user program or it is an environment provided for user interaction it provides command interface to the user.
* It is a command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input device such as keyboard or from a file.
* The linux shell started when you log in or open a console (terminal).
* linux Shell Quick and dirty way to execute utilities in the scripting.
* The shell is not part of linux system kernel, but uses the linux system kernel to execute programs, create files etc.
* Several shells are available for Linux including:
o BASH ( Bourne-Again SHell ) - Most common shell in Linux. It’s Open Source.
o CSH (C SHell) - The C shell’s syntax and usage are very similar to the C programming language.
o KSH (Korn SHell) - Created by David Korn at AT & T Bell Labs. The Korn Shell also was the base for the POSIX Shell standard specifications.
o TCSH - It is an enhanced but completely compatible version of the Berkeley UNIX C shell (CSH).

In ms-dos, the shell name known as command.com which is also used for the same purpose, but it is by far not as powerful as our Linux Shells are!

Seven layer of networking. this is very important for networking essentials.

LY 7: The application layer

At this layer quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified.

Layer 6: The presentation layer

At this layer, converting incoming and outgoing data from one presentation format to another .Sometimes called the syntax layer.

LY 5: The session layer

At this layer, coordinating, and terminating conversations, exchanging, and dialog between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination.

LY 4: The transport layer

At this layer there is end-to-end control and error-checking. It ensures complete data transfer.

LY 3: The network layer

At this layer routing of the data take place which is the sending of the data in the right direction to the right destination on outgoing transmissions CertTalk.com Network+ Study Guide 39 Copyright 2004 CertTalk.com All rights reserved and receiving incoming transmissions at the packet level). The network layer does routing
and forwarding. IP addressing and dynamic or static routing take place al this layer.

LY 2: The data-link layer

At this layer MAC address, framing, and switching take place.

LY 1: The physical layer

This layer conveys the bit stream through the network at the electrical and mechanical level.

Here we are discussing about internet marketing and eBooks:

E-BOOKS

Early on e-books will be normally written for speciality areas and for limited audience, supposed to be read only by small and devoted interest groups. The scope of the subject matter of these e-books included technical manuals for hardware, manufacturing techniques, and other subjects.

Internet marketing is essential in today’s competitive world of the World Wide Web. Help those who need such information on Internet marketing is expert advice found in the form of Internet Marketing E-Books.

Internet Marketing E-books are used mostly by those people who want to set up their business on the Internet or even Internet Marketing consultant who provide their clients with tips on Internet marketing. Mostly pen by expert in this field with many years of experience in this field a good E-book can be a helpful to guide in setting up your e-business.

There are of course a lot of Internet Marketing E-Books, doing the round. But earlier than you can choose one at random give a little thought towards what you exactly seek. Also do not forget to check on the relevance of the expert speak.

Before you ask an Internet Marketing E-Book make sure that the writer has used well-spoken language which makes it easy for the readers to understand what he is saying about. If you are a beginner in the felid of Internet Marketing make sure to use Internet Marketing E-Books that have basic steps to guide you and use less of technical words and more of the layman’s language.

The things to see of most Internet Marketing E-Books are the hand on guidance that the author gives you. Such tips are generally based on personal experience that the authors have faced while experimenting with Internet Marketing. In fact the most excellent part about using such Internet Marketing E-Books is that you can avoid the mistakes that others have made and be ably guided in each step of setting up your Internet Marketing ventures.

At times it so happens that any one Internet Marketing E-Book is not enough to guide you on all the techniques used for Internet Marketing. In such a case you might refer to several Internet Marketing E-Books, that way you will also get the opinions of different experts and you can corroborate what they have to say and take your final and definitive steps to Successful Internet Marketing.

Good Internet Marketing E-Books should base their guidance on the recent trends and market surveys. Some of the areas they should be advising you on should be:

Internet advertising
Good content creation
Email marketing
Proper usage of Keywords
Website development
Importance of Search Engine Optimization
Importance of Search Engine Positioning

Last but not the least using Internet Marketing E-Books can be a cost effective way of proper guidance for Internet Marketing. This is more so because hiring an Internet Marketing Firm can cost you much more than buying an Internet Marketing E-Book or browsing online for Internet Marketing E-Books material.

You would be well advised, in making a careful choice in selecting Internet Marketing E-Books of your choice. This is because there are plenty of books by authors who have no clue about the latest trends or have not done their research thoroughly before penning a book. Depending on such baseless Internet Marketing E-Books could land you in more trouble and lead your business in

To sum it all up, ebooks are a great way not only to gain knowledge on a specific topic but also a good way to make a nice income online writing your own informative ebook.

here are the 3 hot internet marketing trends to look for in 2008 and beyond:

1. the market in Asia.
2. The opportunities in offline marketing.
3. The many new people looking to start an online business.

Many internet marketers have already begun to serve these markets and are seeing surprising results.

Architecture methodology is an important feature and the very early step in the web development or any application development. n-Tier the term is used for multiple tier or multiple layers. n-Tier Architecture devides the solution process into different projects based on the business requirements. The main advantage of using n-Tier is that the elaboration associated with the business and the process is reduced and it is easy to work with. The elements of performance, scalability and future development issues need to be acknowledged when deciding on the architecture of the application depending on the antecedence.

The n-Tier application has three layers, they are called the presentation tier, the business tier and the data tier.

Each layer communicates with the layer directly below, and has perticular function to perform. Presentation Layer is responsible for displaying user interface to either programmer or end user. Programmer uses this layer for designing purpose and to get the data back and forth. In ASP.NET it includes ASPX pages, user controls, server controls and sometimes security related classes and objects.

The Business layer works as a arbiter to transfer the data from presentation layer. In the three tier architecture the data access layer is not made to communicate with the presentation layer.In ASP.NET architecture includes using SqlClient or OleDb objects to retrieve, update and delete data from SQL Server or Access databases and passing the data retrieved to the presentation layer in a DataReader or DataSet object, or a custom collection object. The Data layer retrives the data from the business layer and sends it to the database or vice versa. This layer is further divided into two sub layers Business Logic Layer (BLL) and Data Access Layer (DAL). DAL is responsible for accessing data and forwarding it to BLL. In ASP.NET it uses SqlClient or OleDb to retrieve the data and send it to BLL in the form of a DataSet or DataReader. BLL (Business Logic Layer) is responsible for processing the data retrieved and sends it to the presentation layer.

The Data layer gets the data from the business layer and transfers it to the database or gets the data from the database and sends it to the business layer. In ASP .NET it is an SQL Server or Access database.

In an ASP.NET n-tiered architecture web pages do not make direct calls to the database. A given layer only talk with its neighboring layers. ASP.NET Web pages should reference custom objects defined in the business object layer. These objects facilitates database information in a class structure.

The separating of ASP.NET applications into front-end, middle tier and back-end layers, the n-Tier architecture supports a more uniform, building block approach to application designs. Hardware and software for presentation, application and database functions can be scaled separately, and included more easily into circuitous e-Business environments.

Web development is the beautiful, technical and clever work for the online presentation of the different kind of information. This information may show a conflict such as business related as well social & cultural. For the creation of attractive, effective websites web developers use a different programming languages and ASP.NET website development is popular for easy development and great features. Plus being a product of world famous Microsoft, it is accepted by large web development community at global level.

Like other programming languages it is a full loaded programming language for the development of dynamic websites for the online presentation business and its products globally. Using ASP.NET you can perform variety of web development work such as custom software applications, mobile games, web applications, product development, e-commerce shopping cart and database management.The latest version of Microsoft’s Active Server Pages technology (ASP) and widely developers are using this technology for the development of dynamic websites, XML web services and web applications. ASP Technology have great power for the development of large sized enterprise applications for the global enterprise.

But what are the technical point to prefer ASP.net for the web development?
ASP.NET developer enjoying  writing very less code for the development of large applications, it facilitates  server-side programming model to make the development work so attractive, simple, writing pages in ASP.NET are easier as it provides source code and HTML together, execution of source code on server provides power & adaptability, fast compilation of source code in first request of page because server saves the compiled version for the next time, more security of application source code as it do not sent back to browser, due  to internal configuration developer needs not to register components, security through continue inspecting of  by web server which automatically removes the illegal software, memory leaks, infinite loops, etc and restarts itself and without writing code it provides validation controls.

ASP.NET is server-side technology, as it is most favorable part in addition to long list of features. Before sending to web browser, code use to execute on server and code which is sent back to browser is HTML instead of ASP.NET code which eventually facilitates the more security to code from unwanted code stealing.

There are lots of reasons websites tank. Typical non-performance issues include poor layout, disastrous design, ho-hum content, missing meta data and inbound links, confusing navigation, buried info (too many clicks required to find what the browser is looking for), Las Vegas theatrics (think way too much Flash), etc.

The good news? There are LOTS of entrepreneurs who have winning websites churning serious sales, and you can too! The starting point is to understand that your website must be all about 2 things: getting found by more prospects and converting more of those inbound leads into customers. These five easy fixes will help transform your website metrics (and grow your sales)…

Get Organized

Great websites are intuitive. They reflect serious back-end homework and have been strategically developed to engage specific target audiences. If you want your website to work as it should, anticipate what your prospects and customers are looking for at the get-go.

Be Clear

Forget fancy jargon and get to the point quickly, using compelling, professionally-written, keyword-enriched text. Remember your competitors are literally a click away, so strong keyword-rich headlines and terrific content will help to convert browsers into buyers. This applies to everything the casual visitor sees when landing on your URL’s, as well as the back-end stuff they don’t. Your meta data, which is read and ranked by the Search Engine optimization spiders (titles, descriptions, keywords and alt tags) should be crystal clear and unique to each page.

Ask for Business

This may seem like a no-brainer, but you’d be surprised how many websites get a “zero” on this one! No matter how obvious you think you might be, your site will fail Marketing 101 if you don’t have multiple “asks” or calls to action. Words like” call now”, “get more info today”, or “contact us for a free quote” are all still very effective interaction motivators.

Give Something Away

Successful Internet marketers couple many of the “asks” with a promise to deliver a valuable freebie (an e-book, white paper, podcast, etc.) Winning websites development also make it easier to convert visitors into solid leads, using multiple, short data collection forms on different pages (not just on your Contact Us page) as well as hyperlinked email boxes with specific client-focused Subject lines. Again the concept here is to make it easier for your prospects to get what they want, when they want it. By testing and assessing the results of a variety of different methods, mediums, and offers, you’ll define what produces the best results.

Brag Alot

Forget about being coy. Make your site a cash cow with the strategic use of glowing testimonials - not only on a specific “Success Stories” page, but liberally sprinkled around your entire site. Make sure each testimonial highlights specific services/products you want to sell more of, along with engaging copy that details the core benefits that your delighted client got as a result of doing business with you. Showcase different industries and diverse outcomes. Get creative and post pictures of your smiling clients, and use podcasts or videos as much as you can. People respond better to a combination of visuals, audio and tape.

By adopting these simple fixes, you are on your way to making your website the winning sales engine it should be.

Source: Hubspot grader’s Pattie Simone.

Virtual memory of the system, allowing the system to use disk room the same as RAM memory.
Networking with TCP/IP and other protocols.
Multiple user capability.
Protected mode so programs or user’s can’t access unauthorized areas.
Shared libraries
True multitasking
X - A graphical user interface similar to windows, but supports remote sessions over a network.
Advanced server functionality
FTP server
Telnet server
BOOTP server
DHCP server
Samba server
DNS server
SNMP services
Mail services
Linux Support of filesystems that other operating systems use such as DOS (FAT), Windows95,98 (FAT32), Windows NT, 2000 (NTFS), Apple, minix, and others

PHP stands for Hyper-text-processor, the developer of PHP language might not have imagined the advance at the time of inventing it, but Now PHP has become equivalent with the web development. Though there are plenty of web development languages like ASP.net, coldfusion, cgi, java but PHP is slowly and heavily changing the history. Here i am going to explain some php software which makes your life easier…

phpBB : This is a amazing and Useful software for forums. Use this software on your website if you would like your users to communicate among them related to your company or their problems. Amazing software that comes for free. Its easy to embed and even more easy to use.

Oscommerce : This is anarchistic software for online e-commerce uses. If you have a shop and you want to make online selling your product online, nothing better than this can be suggested for use. Fully free and comes with bunch of features like product list, shopping cart, checkout with any payment gateway, admin control with shipping and taxing and more. Most crucial thing about this software is, plenty of PHP developers have developed add on modules which they give away as offering.

Joomla : Another anarchistic  software for content rich sites. It islike one size fits all. This open source software helps you build a site with content management software, this makes the website owner life easier as they will not require any designer or developer help to change or modify the content. Changing content with joomla is as easy as changing a MS-Word File. It comes with in build modules of articles, newsletters, forums, store and lot more free contributions from programmers all across the world.

PHPmotion : Would you believe that you can make another Youtube almost for free? Yes its possible with this software. Though primary help of a php programmer might be needed to give it a custom look but otherwise its full copy of You Tube .

PHPList : Very Useful open source PHP based software for newsletter management. This is must have software for websites, because this allows you to keep in touch with your customers on daily basis through emailing.This software is easy to install and use.

The list is even more long and one blog would not be abundance but if you need a brief list here are few like drupal( for CMS), zencart for e-commerce, dim dim for web conferencing, osdate for dating and even many more.

PHP(Hypertext-pre-processor) and ASP(Active Server Pages) are two very standard programming languages for website  development and more  considerably when it comes to develop database-driven websites to complementary hugely with databases. On other hand PHP is an open-source programming language which is acquired from lots of different languages. On the other hand ASP is such kind of programming languages which adopting Microsoft product mostly.

Both these languages PHP and ASP are used to develop dynamic database oriented websites. ASP is the product of Microsoft and is used only with Internet Information Server (IIS) that runs on Microsoft Windows Servers. But on the other hand you can say that PHP is platform-independent programming languages. PHP can connect several kinds of Database.

But there are many diference between ASP and PHP on following aspects..

Expense+
To run ASP.net programs first need to install IIS(Internet Information Services)  a Windows server platform, which is not a free package. PHP programs can run on Linux, which is free of cast. Even the database connectivity is expensive for ASP, because it require MSSQL product of Microsoft that needs to be get. Same time on the other hand PHP mostly uses MySQL for database connectivity, which is freely of cast.

Easiness in Coding+
PHP codes itself are very light in weight, a programmer who begins his career into PHP, does not felt any compressing to look the source code to understand. Whereas In ASP codes are not so easy to quick accept.

Database Compatibility+
PHP generally being intensely flexible as it uses MySQL for database connectivity, which is freely accessible. Same time on the other hand Database compatibility is expensive for ASP, because it require MS-SQL product of Microsoft that needs to be access.

General Run Time+
If we appraise the running speed of PHP and ASP then PHP should on the top . Normally it is viewed that PHP code runs faster than ASP code. Due to COM based architecture, ASP uses server space to run while PHP code runs on its own inbuilt memory space.

Background Language Support+
ASP has a same like Visual Basic type of syntax that also linked to Microsoft products as well. On the other hand PHP codes are based on mainly C++ language and the syntax, which is used in PHP, is quite similar to C/C++ syntax. C/C++ is still understand by maximum software programmer is the finest programming language and people who love C++ language would certainly feel more pleased with the PHP syntax.

Running Platform+
PHP codes can run on different platforms like UNIX, Solaris, Linux, and Windows whereas ASP codes are mostly run on Windows platforms. Though, ASP programs can run on a Linux platform with the help of ASP-Apache installed on the server.

Larger Applications Support+
PHP is just as protected as ASP from coding level. The main difference is only for private data like ’social security numbers’; ‘PIN numbers’ etc. ASP is more achievable option.Companies like government firms normally don’t have much arranged commercial budgets and looking for required security, they really helpful ASP.net.Also Php Websites are more SEO friendly.

At the end, we can make a conclusion that both programming languages have their advantages and disadvantages particular to user requirement. It can be said that both the programming languages have their own advantage depending upon the user’s requirements and their budgets.

Following are some of the common SEO mistakes happened while optimizing a Website, care to be taken to avoid those mistakes

1. Using the same keyword more than twice in a Title tag.
2. High keyword densities.
3. Not having a Valid XML Sitemap.
4. URL’s not containing any keywords.
5. Using H1 tags more than once on a single page.
6. Not giving each page unique Meta data.
7. Using the same anchor text in all links.
8. Putting analytics code at the beginning of your body content.
9. Not using accurate image descriptions.
10. Not having a 301 redirect setup.
11. Lack of keywords in the content.
12. Concentrating too much on Meta tags.
13. A Flash Website development without a HTML alternative.
14. Keyword Spamming and Stuffing.
15. Picking a Poor Content Management System.
16. Use Crawler Unfriendly Development Methods.
17. Not Investing in Site Promotion.